The immune system is a vital component of the human body. It is the body’s defense mechanism, it works to fight and protect the human body from the harbinger of diseases like bacteria, viruses and fungi. Let’s continue to understand the workings of the immune system, how it functions and what could influence its efficiency.

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What is the Immune System?

The immune system protects the body against illness and infection that bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites can cause. When those germs invade your body, they attack and multiply which is known as infection. It causes the disease that makes you sick. Your immune system protects you from the disease by fighting off the germs. The primary purpose of the immune system is to recognize and eradicate pathogens, while also distinguishing between harmful outsiders and the body’s own cells.

The immune system is sometimes called the immune response due to the reactions and responses it does to combat infection. The Immune response is the body's ability to stay safe by affording protection against harmful agents and involves lines of defense against most microbes as well as specialized and highly specific response to a particular offender.

Types of Immune System

The immune system can be categorized in two systems, which work together with the common purpose of protecting human biology from pathogens.

• Innate Immune System- This is a natural immune system built into the body that passes from generation to generation. The system includes organs such as skin, cornea, digestive and genital tract, etc. They are physical barriers that help protect people from pathogens. This system is activated from birth.
• Adaptive Immune System- This is the immune system consisting of antibodies against germs that the body has earlier been exposed to. This system recognizes the enemy and produces antibodies to eliminate them before they can manifest themselves.

Key Components of the Immune System

The innate immune system comprises four main components that help in the defense action:

• Anatomical Barriers- The first line of defense against the pathogen is provided by the mechanical, chemical and biological barriers.

• Cellular Response- It involves different kinds of white blood cells that kill pathogens by phagocytosis, a process where it surrounds and destroys invaders (bacteria, fungi, viruses) and removes dead cells.

• Blood Protein- The liver cells produce a range of proteins that destroy the invading pathogens.

• Inflammatory Response- The inflammatory response is observed when a pathogen is able to break anatomical barriers and enter our body. Inflammation is recognised as redness, swelling, pain and loss of function in the infected area.

The adaptive immune system is made up of several components, some of the major components of the system:

• White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)- WBCs are the main players in immune response and they are categorized in T cells and B cells. T cells are responsible for activating other immune cells and destroying infected cells, and B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that target specific pathogens.
• Lymphatic System- It includes lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. It transports white blood cells and filters the pathogens out.

• Antibodies- These are proteins and made by B cells. It travels around the body in the bloodstream. They are made by the immune system to fight germs and foreign substances. 

• Cytokines- Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells.

• Physical Barriers- The skin and mucous membranes prevents pathogens from entering the body. They serve as the first line.

Factors Influencing Immune Function

There are many factors that can affect the immune system:

• Nutrition- A balanced diet high in minerals and vitamins supports immune health. Zinc and Vitamins A, C, D are crucial for immune function.

• Exercise- Regulating physical activity improves the immune response. It eliminates the bacteria from the lungs and improves immune cells.

• Stress- Chronic stress weakens the immune system and makes the body more prone to illness.

• Hydration- Hydrating and intake of water is necessary for the immune system and overall health.

• Age- The immune system weakens with age. Aging adults are more vulnerable to infections. 

• Sleep- A good quality sleep is important for a healthier immune system.

Conclusion

Understanding the immune system is a way to know how to support it efficiently. By incorporating a balanced diet, workout, stress management and quality sleep, you can help protect your bodily functions and strengthen your defense mechanism. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

• What is the immune system?

The immune system is a vital component of the human body. It protects the body against illness and infection that bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites can cause.

• What is the difference between Innate and Adaptive Immune systems?

Innate immune system is a natural immune system built into the body that passes from generation to generation, and adaptive immune system is acquired after birth by various means and it consists of antibodies against germs that the body has earlier been exposed to.

• How can I boost my immune system?

You can boost your immunity by having a balanced diet, quality sleep, and a regular routine of physical activity.

• Why are vaccines important for the immune system?

Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens without causing the disease, leading to the development of immunity and memory cells.

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